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Appendix B

Strategic Planning Document -
National Security

Appendix B - Agency Roles

Department of Defense

The National Security Act of 1947, as amended (50 USC Sec. 401), which provided for the organization of the Department of Defense, vested the overall direction and control of defense research and engineering in the Secretary of Defense. The objective of the DoD science and technology program is to develop and transition options for affordable, decisive military capability based on superior technology. Military needs determine what aspects of science and technology the Department of Defense pursues, and with what priority.

The purposes underlying DoD's science and technology investment are to: maintain technological superiority of US forces; provide the basis for new capabilities and new missions such as regional conflicts and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; enable force drawdown without loss in operational capability; develop the technological basis for force multipliers for use by smaller forces; achieve higher readiness through more efficient execution of training and ensuring an adequate Science and technology infrastructure to meet emerging demands and for future mobilization.

The Department of Defense strategy places highest priority in its science and technology investments on those areas that help maintain technological superiority in Joint warfighting capabilities identified by Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Staff and the Joint Requirements Oversight Council have identified five Future Joint Warfighting Capabilities most needed by the U.S. Combatant Commands. Those needs, coupled with technological opportunity, guide DoD science and technology investment decisions. The five Joint Warfighting Capabilities are:

Maintain near perfect, real-time knowledge of the enemy and communicate that to all force in near-real time
Engage regional forces promptly in decisive combat, on a global basis
Employ capabilities suitable to lower end of operational spectrum that allow achievement of objectives with minimum casualties and collateral damage
Control the use of space
Counter the threat to CONUS and deployed forces of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic and cruise missiles

Five guiding management principles have been adopted by the military departments and defense agencies. These management principles are designed to place in the hands of our operational forces the best mix of capabilities possible, in the short and long term, by leveraging the best resources in DoD and the nation:

Transition technology to address warfighting needs
Reduce costs
Strengthen the commercial-military industrial base
Promote basic research
Assure quality

The Defense science and technology program is responsive to new threats, challenges, demands, and opportunities.

Department of Energy

For almost 50 years, our national security has relied greatly on the deterrent provided by nuclear weapons. Today's new strategic military threat has provided the opportunity to redirect priorities from weapons production activities to other critical missions. At the same time, the nation continues to rely on its nuclear deterrent to fulfill critical national security missions. Their continued safe and effective operations are essential to national security.

Reducing the continuing and new nuclear dangers that the world faces, responding with programs that build upon and enhance the strengths of the DoE complex and the national laboratories, and emphasizing commitments to environment, safety, and health, are the essence of the Department's national security role. The Department of Energy has five strategic goals:

Ensure that DoE remains a full participant in preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, materials, and expertise, and the preeminent agency in providing the technology to do this.
Maintain nuclear weapons technology and competence that are responsive to national security needsųwithin expected fiscal constraints.
Reduce the worldwide nuclear stockpile by safely and securely dismantling thousands of nuclear weapons. Support safe, environmentally sound control and disposition of nuclear materials and components that could contribute to proliferation by providing capabilities, technologies, and systems.
Achieve continual enhancement of the technology infrastructure and core competencies for execution of the national security mission while further assisting industrial competitiveness.
Transform the DoE national security infrastructure to meet all current and future requirements for 1) management of nuclear weapons design, testing and manufacturing technology, 2) safe, secure disposition of weapons capable materials, and 3) maintenance of arms control and related technologies. Make the infrastructure cost-effective, responsive, flexible, agile, and environmentally responsible.

The DoE plays a key role in verifying compliance with nuclear arms treaties. The Department provides support for the development and implementation of U.S. national security and foreign policies on nonproliferation and provides intelligence analyses of the nuclear capabilities of foreign countries, their potential for nuclear proliferation, and their possible support to nuclear terrorism. The Department prepares and executes a verification and control technology development program to enhance U.S. and international proliferation detection capabilities. These nonproliferation technologies also have significant potential to assist the DoD in its Counterproliferation mission.

Department of Commerce

The Department of Commerce is tasked with the critical responsibilities of promoting trade, civilian technology development and deployment, and long term economic growth. Commerce's mission to work with U.S. industry to promote competitiveness and long term economic growth is a vital part of the overarching national military strategy which is built upon national economic competitiveness and security. In that sense, many Department of Commerce units contribute to the fulfillment of national and economic security requirements.

The missions of the Technology Administration (TA) and the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) are an important component of the CNS process not because of the Department's relatively small science and technology programs, but because of the Department's role in enhancing our national and economic security interests. The science and technology activities of the Department of Commerce are neither focused nor directly contributory to the specific national security focus areas of post Cold-War missions, building international security and preventing conflict, or weapons of mass destruction. Rather, Commerce's civilian technology efforts, in partnership with industry, are directed toward the overall health of the nation's industrial base.

Commerce's Advanced Technology Program (ATP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology encourages U.S. business to conduct research on high-risk technologies with broad commercial applicability by providing matching funds. The Manufacturing Extension Partnership - expanded by the TRP funds, deploys current technologies to small and medium sized manufacturers. In a National Security Strategy which emphasizes using commercial technology where possible to benefit from the economies of commercial production and from private sector R&D which is outpacing federal efforts, the civilian technology efforts of the Department of Commerce take on a more important contributory role.

BXA is at the nexus of trade and high technology as it is the government's licensing agency for dual-use commodities and technical data, enforcing the Export Administration Act, particularly in technologies related to WMD and CBW. The BXA leads the Administration's efforts to adapt U.S. strategic trade policies and dual-use export controls to a rapidly changing global economic, and national security environment. As a complement to licensing and enforcement, BXA conducts in-depth industry assessments of technologies identified by the DoD as the most critical in the development of future weapons systems. This year, BXA completed technology and industry assessments of advanced ceramics, advanced composites, artificial intelligence, opto-electronics, and superconductivity. BXA's unique position, encompassing both trade and national security issues related to dual-use technologies, brings a valuable perspective to the CNS.

Department of State

The Department of State advises the President in the formulation and execution of U.S. foreign policy. The Department's primary objective in the conduct of foreign relations is to further the long-range political, security, and economic/commercial interests of the United States.

Diplomacy backed by a strong defense capability remains critical to U.S. interests. It represents the constant search for peace, stability, and prosperityųthrough patient and arduous negotiation, international cooperation, efforts to resolve local grievances and conflicts, and policies that promote economic growth. The relatively small amount of Government resources devoted to International Affairs programs, about one percent of the federal budget, is an essential investment in the nation's future.

The United States conducts diplomatic relations with more that 170 countries on a wide range of issuesųfrom business, communications, and technology exchange to urgent security matters. Diplomatic activities contribute in an important way to NSTC focus areas by:

Strengthening U.S. alliances, building coalitions, and maintaining access to overseas defense facilities;
- Preventing regional and ethnic conflicts;
- Developing and implementing viable arms control agreements and countering proliferation of mass destruction weapons;
- Meeting the challenges of environmental degradation, rapid population growth, narcotics trafficking, and terrorism;
Advancing democracy and respect for the rule of law;
- Encouraging American trade, investment, and employment; and
- Supporting international institutions that promote sustainable development and regional stability.

Intelligence Community

The Intelligence Community (IC) includes all organizations represented in the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP).

These include:: a. The Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency;
b. Intelligence segments of the Departments of State, Justice, Energy, and the Treasury Department;
c. The National Reconnaissance Office and the Central Imagery Office

In a broader sense, the IC also includes the intelligence units from the four branches of the armed forces and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, although these functions are funded under separate programs. The IC's mission encompasses all four NSTC Committee for National Security focus areas. IC components directly and indirectly support the National Military Strategy by providing information to policy makers and war fighters in pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis situations through a variety of sources and methods. IC organizations provide intelligence reporting on a variety of post-Cold War missions, including peace operations, special operations, low-intensity conflict, counterterrorism, and counternarcotics. Relevant information is provided daily to policy makers by the CIA, DIA and NSA to support decisions relating to building international stability and preventing conflict. A Presidential policy directive has increased the priority assigned by the intelligence collection and analysis capabilities to the proliferation threat. In 1993, the Director of Central Intelligence established the Nonproliferation Center (NPC) to provide IC-level coordination for community nonproliferation programs. IC components are focusing on closing the knowledge gaps related to the proliferation activities of several countries.

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

By mandate, ACDA is responsible for the conduct and coordination of arms control, nonproliferation and disarmament research, development and other studies conducted by or for other Government agencies including R&D for the detection, identification, inspection, monitoring, limitation, reduction, control and elimination of nuclear, missile, conventional, bacteriological, chemical and radiological weapons, nuclear testing. ACDA aggressively supports three of the four NSTC focus areas including new post-Cold War missions, building international stability and preventing conflict, and preventing and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. ACDA's initiatives contribute to science and technology priority applications and/or enabling capabilities in the areas of information management, remote sensors, preventive diplomacy, intelligence collection and analysis, detection of weapons of mass destruction, conflict analysis and resolution, gaming and predictive data bases, arms control and nonproliferation, modeling and simulation, monitoring and verification, and implementation support and R&D coordination for arms control and nonproliferation regimes.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

All NASA activities are carried out in conformance with the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which assigns the Agency responsibility for exercising control over all aeronautical and space activities except those "peculiar to or primarily associated with the development of weapons systems, military operation or the defense of the United States." However, NASA does have as one of its objectives "the making available to agencies directly concerned with national defense of discoveries that have military value and significance."

Both from a policy perspective and organizationally, NASA and DoD have in place the mechanisms to foster the coordination of technology programs and efficiently transfer information. The senior management coordination between DoD and NASA is conducted via the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordination Board, which is co-chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology and the NASA Deputy Administrator, and has panels that deal with mutual interests in areas such as space transportation, spacecraft technology, and aeronautics.

Coordinated policy and planning documents have been developed by the Administration and between NASA and DoD on a range of activities including space launch technology and aeronautical technology. The intent of the planning documents is to ensure that the U.S. Government science and technology efforts do not overlap and that information is transferred efficiently between the agencies.

Thus, NASA science and technology programs do support the national military strategy, but it is in a contributory rather than a focused manner. Areas of common technology interest include remote sensing, communications and data networking systems, aeronautical systems, and propulsion systems.

NASA's major contributions to international stability are derived from its bilateral and multilateral international spacecraft programs which are directed toward the collection of scientific data. By their nature, these programs enhance stability by channeling engineering capabilities toward peaceful applications, reducing cultural barriers, and by establishing common goals and dependencies with our international partners.

The dominant portion of the funds associated with these programs are directed toward the design, manufacture, test and launch of the spacecraft, rather than for technology development. The scientific data collected on these programs is typically shared by the U.S. and its international partners. Representative NASA international programs include the International Space Station; the Space Shuttle/MIR missions, Radarsat, the Tethered Satellite System, YOKOH, Topex/Poseidon, Spacelab International Microgravity Laboratory, and the Earth Observation System. NASA's international partners and collaborators include the European, Italian, Japanese, Russian and Ukrainian Space Agencies. Since the NASA investments in these international programs are principally in the development area, rather that in science and technology, the funds have not been included in the science and technology estimates and projections.