Table of Contents | Introduction | Chapter 2
Chapter 1:
National Goals Toward Sustainable Development
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This common set of goals emerged from the Council's vision.
These
goals express in concrete terms the elements of sustainability.
Alongside the goals are suggested indicators that can be used to
help measure progress toward achieving them.
THE FOLLOWING GOALS express the shared aspirations of the President's
Council on Sustainable Development. They are truly interdependent and flow
from the Council's understanding that it is essential to seek economic prosperity,
environmental protection, and social equity together. The achievement of any one
goal is not enough to ensure that future generations will have at least the same
opportunities to live and prosper that this generation enjoys: all are needed.
- GOAL 1: HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT
- Ensure that every person enjoys the benefits of clean air, clean water, and a
healthy environment at home, at work, and at play.
- GOAL 2: ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
- Sustain a healthy U.S. economy that grows sufficiently to create meaningful
jobs, reduce poverty, and provide the opportunity for a high quality of life for
all in an increasingly competitive world.
- GOAL 3: EQUITY
- Ensure that all Americans are afforded justice and have the opportunity to
achieve economic, environmental, and social well-being.
- GOAL 4: CONSERVATION OF NATURE
- Use, conserve, protect, and restore natural resources - land, air,
water, and biodiversity - in ways that help ensure long-term social, economic, and
environmental benefits for ourselves and future generations.
- GOAL 5: STEWARDSHIP
- Create a widely held ethic of stewardship that strongly encourages individuals,
institutions, and corporations to take full responsibility for the economic,
environmental, and social consequences of their actions.
- GOAL 6: SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
- Encourage people to work together to create healthy communities where
natural and historic resources are preserved, jobs are available, sprawl is
contained, neighborhoods are secure, education is lifelong, transportation and
health care are accessible, and all citizens have opportunities to improve the
quality of their lives.
- GOAL 7: CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
- Create full opportunity for citizens, businesses, and communities to
participate in and influence the natural resource, environmental, and economic
decisions that affect them.
- GOAL 8: POPULATION
- Move toward stabilization of U.S. population.
- GOAL 9: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
- Take a leadership role in the development and implementation of global
sustainable development policies, standards of conduct, and trade and foreign
policies that further the achievement of sustainability.
- GOAL 10: EDUCATION
- Ensure that all Americans have equal access to education and lifelong learning
opportunities that will prepare them for meaningful work, a high quality of
life, and an understanding of the concepts involved in sustainable development.
Accompanying the goals are indicators of progress, yardsticks to measure progress
toward each goal. These indicators of progress suggest what information to look at to
determine the progress that the country is making toward achieving the goals. They are
not intended to be mandates for specific actions or policies, and they may change over
time as the country moves toward these goals and learns more about the science and
policy options underlying them. Graphics illustrating a few possible indicators are
included. In some cases, the suggested indicators are concepts that are not now easily
measured and will require more work before they can be used as true yardsticks.
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| GOAL 1 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
HEALTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
Ensure that every person enjoys the benefits of clean air, clean
water, and a healthy environment at home, at work, and at play.
FIGURE 1
[Figure 1]
SOURCE: The National Public Water System Supervision
Program, FY 7994 National Compliance Report.
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Clean air, clean water, and reduced exposure to toxics are
basic indicators. Beyond that, other environmental
exposures (such as to lead and tobacco smoke) can also
contribute directly and indirectly to health problems. Where
causal links can be identified, additional indicators should
be used.
CLEAN AIR
Decreased number of people living in areas that fail to meet
air quality standards.
DRINKING WATER
Decreased number of people whose drinking water fails to
meet national safe drinking water standards.
TOXIC EXPOSURES
Reduced releases that contribute to human exposure to toxic
materials.
DISEASES AND MORTALITY
Decrease in diseases and deaths from environmental
exposures, including occupationally related illnesses.
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| GOAL 2 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
ECONOMIC
PROSPERITY
Sustain a healthy U.S. economy
that grows sufficiently to create
meaningful jobs, reduce poverty,
and provide the opportunity for a
high quality or life for all in an
increasingly competitive world.
FIGURE 2
[Figure 2]
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract
of the United States 1994 (Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1994).
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The traditional measures of economic activity include gross domestic
product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), and the unemployment rate. These
measures, however, do not take into account negative environmental impacts of
production and consumption or gauge the incidence of poverty. The Council agreed
that additional yardsticks are needed for adequately gauging economic progress in
the broadest sense.
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
Increases in per capita GDP and NDP.
EMPLOYMENT
Increases in the number, wage level, and quality of jobs
(as measured, for example, by the percentage of jobs at or
below minimum wage).
POVERTY
Decreased number of people living below the poverty line.
SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT RATES
Higher per capita savings and investment rates.
NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING
Development and use of new economic measures or
satellite accounts that reflect resource depletion and
environmental costs.
PRODUCTIVITY
Increased per capita production per hour worked.
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| GOAL 3 |
INDICATORS OF PROGRESS |
| EQUITY
Ensure that all Americans are afforded justice and have the
opportunity to achieve economic, environmental, and social
well-being.
FIGURE 3
[Figure 3]
SOURCE: World Resources Institute, Resources and Environmental Information
Program, Washington, D.C., 1995.
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The Council believes that equity is such an important goal
that it has worked to weave this priority into each element of
this report. However, measuring fairness and equality of
opportunity throughout a population is complex. It requires
measuring differences between rich and poor in a number of
ways and involves yardsticks not yet available. Such
measures should be developed to show whether the nation is
progressing toward greater equity by reducing disparities in
risks and access to benefits.
INCOME TRENDS
Increase in the average income of the bottom 20 percent compared with that of the top
20 percent of the U.S. population.
ENVIRONMENTAL EQUITY
Development of measures of any disproportionate environmental burdens (such as
exposure to air, water, and toxic pollution) borne by different economic and social
groups.
SOCIAL EQUITY
Development of measures of access to critical services (such as education, health
care, and community services), and opportunities to participate in decisionmaking by
different economic and social groups, such as the percentage of these populations
attending college. |
| GOAL 4 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
CONSERVATION
OF NATURE
Use, conserve, protect, and restore natural resources - land, air,
water, and biodiversity - in ways that help ensure long-term social,
economic, and environmental benefits for ourselves and future
generations.
FIGURE 4
[Figure 4]
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
Summary Report, 1992 -- National Resources Inventory (Washington, D.C.,
1995).
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Measuring the health and extent of natural systems is difficult
because they are complex; vary over time and space; and have effects that can be
local, regional, and/or global. Most of the following indicators focus on local and
regional systems, reflecting the Council's work on watersheds and communities.
Additional indicators are needed to reflect how well the nation is contributing to
the protection of natural systems worldwide.
ECOSYSTEMS
Increase in the health of ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, wetlands,
surface waters, and coastal lands:
- Decreased soil loss and associated productivity loss due to
erosion and chemical or biological changes in natural
systems and other lands such as agricultural lands.
- Increased number of acres of healthy wetlands.
- Increased percentage of forests managed to reach full maturity and diversity.
- Development of indicators to measure water bodies with healthy biological
communities.
HABITAT LOSS
Development of measures of threats to habitat loss and the extent of habitat
conversion, such as the rate of wetlands loss.
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES
Decreased number of threatened and endangered species.
NUTRIENTS AND TOXICS
Decreased releases that contribute to the exposure of natural systems to toxics and
excess nutrients.
EXOTIC SPECIES
Reduced ecological impacts caused by the introduction and spread of exotic species.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and of compounds that damage the ozone
layer.
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| GOAL 5 |
INDICATORS OF PROGRESS |
| STEWARDSHIP
Create a widely held ethic of stewardship that strongly encourages individuals,
institutions, and corporations to take full responsibility for the economic,
environmental, and social consequences of their actions.
FIGURE 5
[Figure 5]
SOURCE: World Resources Institute, Resources and Environmental Information Program,
Washington, D.C., 1995.
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Stewardship is an ethic or value; quantitative measures of it are
difficult and need
further work. What can be readily measured is the use of natural resources within
the United States - efficient use and wise management are key to ensuring that such
resources will be available for future generations.
MATERIALS CONSUMPTION
Increased efficiency of materials use, such as materials intensity measured per
capita or per unit of output.
WASTE REDUCTION
Increased source reduction, reuse, recovery, and recycling,
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Reduced energy intensity (energy per unit output).
RENEWABLE RESOURCE USE
Decreased rate of harvest or use compared to rate of regeneration in fisheries,
forests, soil, and groundwater.
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| GOAL 6 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
Encourage people to work together to create healthy communities where
natural and historic resources are preserved, jobs are available, sprawl is
contained, neighborhoods are secure, education is lifelong, transportation and
health care are accessible, and all citizens have opportunities to
improve the quality of their lives.
FIGURE 6
[Figure 6]
SOURCE: Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994.
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Local values and priorities shape the characteristics that contribute
to strong and stable communities. However, thriving communities across the nation
share many common traits as do threatened communities. Indicators need to allow for
diversity among communities while recognizing national priorities.
COMMUNITY ECONOMIC VIABILITY
Increased local per capita income and employment in urban, suburban, and rural
communities.
SAFE NEIGHBORHOODS
Decrease in violent crime rates.
PUBLIC PARKS
Increase in urban green space, park space, and recreational areas.
INVESTMENT IN FUTURE GENERATIONS
Increase in the amount of public and private resources dedicated to children,
including health care, maternal care, childhood development, and education and training.
TRANSPORTATION PATTERNS
Decrease in measures of traffic congestion; increase in the use of public and
alternative transportation systems.
COMMUNITY ACCESS TO INFORMATION
Increase in library use and the percentage of schools and libraries with access to
the Internet and National Information Infrastructure.
SHELTER
Decreased number of homeless people by community.
METROPOLITAN INCOME PATTERNS
Reduced disparity in per capita income between urban areas and their suburbs.
INFANT MORTALITY
Decrease in infant mortality rates by economic and social
group.
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| GOAL 7 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
| CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Create full opportunity for citizens, businesses, and communities to participate
in and influence the natural resource, environmental, and economic decisions that
affect them.
FIGURE 7
[Figure 7]
SOURCE: Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994.
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Democratic societies rely on an engaged population of diverse
individuals and institutions. Additional measures are needed to track participation
and gauge the effectiveness of policies that strengthen cooperative decisionmaking
while still allowing for individual leadership and creativity. Effective yardsticks
may come from studying successful efforts to build community values, public trust,
and government responsiveness.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Increase in the percentage of eligible voters who cast ballots in national, state,
and local elections.
New indicators must be developed to measure:
SOCIAL CAPITAL
Increase in citizen engagement and public trust, such as the
willingness of people in a community to cooperate for their
mutual benefit.
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
Increase in community participation in such civic activities
as professional and service organizations, parent-teacher associations,
sporting leagues, and volunteer work.
COLLABORATIONS
Increased use of successful civic collaborations such as public-private partnerships,
community-based planning and goal-setting projects, and consensus-building
efforts.
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| GOAL 8 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
| POPULATION
Move toward stabilization of U.S. population.
FIGURE 8
[Figure 8]
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the
United States 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1994).
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Together with the more traditional population measurements,
such as estimates of growth, trends and measures of the social and economic status of
women within society are also important. Evidence has shown that as the health and
status of women improve, population pressures become more manageable.
POPULATION GROWTH
Reduced rate of population growth in the United States and the world.
STATUS OF WOMEN
Increased educational opportunity for women; increased income equality for equivalent
work.
UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES
Decreased number of unintended pregnancies in the United States.
TEEN PREGNANCIES
Decreased number of teenage pregnancies in the United States.
IMMIGRATION
Decreased number of illegal immigrants.
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| GOAL 9 | INDICATORS OF
PROGRESS |
INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Take a leadership role in the development and implementation of global
sustainable development policies, standards of conduct, and trade and foreign
policies, that further the achievement of sustainability.
FIGURE 9
[Figure 9]
NOTE: Official development assistance is the net amount of dispersed grants and
concessional loans given by member countries of the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD).
SOURCE: Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994.
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The actions taken by the United States have a significant effect on the
world's environment, economy, and cultures. This nation has a tradition of global
leadership and responsibility. It is important to continue this tradition. While
indicators of global leadership apply to all sectors, the following ones focus on
the role of the federal government.
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE
Increased level of U.S. international assistance for
sustainable development, including official development
assistance (federal money dedicated to international aid for
developing nations).
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE
Increase in the U.S. contribution to the Global Environmental Facility and other
environmentally targeted development aid.
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS
Development and use of new measures for assessing progress toward sustainable
development in countries receiving U.S. assistance.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS
Increased U.S. exports or transfers of cost-effective and environmentally sound
technologies to developing countries.
RESEARCH LEADERSHIP
Increased levels of U.S. research on global environmental
problems. |
| GOAL 10 |
INDICATORS OF PROGRESS |
| EDUCATION
Ensure that all Americans have equal access to education and
lifelong learning opportunities that will prepare them for meaningful
work, a high quality of life, and an understanding of the concepts
involved in sustainable development.
FIGURE 10
[Figure 10]
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational
Research and Improvement, Digest of Education Statistics
1995 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1993).
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Education for sustainable development should be lifelong through
integration into formal and nonformal education settings, including teacher
education, continuing education, curriculum development, and worker training.
INFORMATION ACCESS
Increased number of communities with infrastructure in place that allows easy access
to government information, public and private research, and community right-to-know
documents.
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
Increased number of curricula, materials, and training opportunities that teach the
principles of sustainable development.
NATIONAL STANDARDS
Increased number of school systems that have adopted K-12 voluntary standards for
learning about sustainable development similar to the standards developed under the
National Goals 2000 initiative.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Increased number of school systems and communities with programs for lifelong
learning through both formal and nonformal learning institutions.
NATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
Improved skill performance of U.S. students as measured by standardized achievement
tests.
GRADUATION RATES
Increased high school graduation rates and number of students going on to college or
vocational training.
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